THE RADIO ARCHIVES
The
audio files on this website are all
arranged so that they will react with a very immediate start when
you click on the links. This works perfectly on most computers. However,
it has proven to not work the same way on Android smartphones.
To overcome this Android problem you must download a media player
software called
ServeStream  .
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| What
Can We Learn About The Scandinavian Pirates? Here are the first three parts of Philip Champion's series of articles (in English) presenting the Scandinavian Offshore 'pirates' 
I: Radio Nord
II: Radio Mercur
III: Danmarks Commercielle Radio |
Newly posted recordings: |
The Perfumed Garden, July 7, 1967John Peel's Late Night show called "The Perfumed Garden" on Radio London |
Below are a number of recordings that all have in common that they are Christmas programs from the ship MV Mi Amigo. I hope you don't think it's too peculiar with such programs now in Springtime. |
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Radio Caroline South on Xmas Day 1966 Mike Ahern at 10.04. 59 minutes. |
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Radio Scotland, July 31, 1967 Richard Park at 12.26. 62 minutes. |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 25, 1974 Mike Moorkens at 08.28 - 10.06 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 25, 1974 Mike Moorkens and Peter Van Dam at 10.06 - 11.41 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 25, 1974 Joop Ver Hoof Show at 1300-1400 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 25, 1974 Frans van der Drift at 14.00-15.00 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 23, 1975 Bert Bennet Show at 1400-1500 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 23, 1976 Peter.Van.Dam at 16.00 - 17.00 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 25, 1976 Marc Jacobs and Frank Van de Mast at 15.00 - 17.00 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 26, 1977 Haike Dubois at 10.00 - 11.00 |
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Radio Mi Amigo, December 25, 1978 Stephen Bishop and Peter van de Holst at 13.00 - 14.00 |
| THE RADIO
ARCHIVES |
Feel free to post a message here Use a signature if you want to be anonymous. Your
Email address will not be visible. |
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STICK
IVÄG JACK "Hit the road Jack" |
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| The thrilling story about Radio Nord, its founder Jack Kotschack and a very different Sweden. | |
| Richly
illustrated with loads of never before published pictures. The book comes with a unique DVD including a documentary film about Radio Nord which was shown as an opening film at the Swedish cinemas in autumn 1961. |
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| Out
now $55.00 Read more
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KLIF, Dallas, January 4, 1961 The Ken Lock show. |
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KLIF, Dallas, 1962 Russ "Weird Beard" Knight show. |
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KLIF, Dallas, March 3, 1962 The Murphy & Harrigan Show. Tom Murphy and "Irving Harrigan" (Ron Chapman). 8:00 - 9:00 a.m. |
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KLIF, Dallas 1962 jingles |
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WABC, New York, springtime 1965 American Top 40 radio with PAMS jingles and the unrivaled legend Dan Ingram. |
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recordings with unknown dates: |
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scanning the dial in NYC, July 1, 1969 Starting on WABC, AM 770 kHz. |
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WABC, New York, April 1, 1972 Dan Ingram. |
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K100 (KIQQ) in 1974 Beaver Cleaver (Ken Levine). |
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KFRC-AM610 Sept 28, 1978 Dr. Don Rose (Donald Rosenberg) - four times he made KFRC voted as Billboard's "Station of the Year" and he was personally named "Disc Jockey of the Year". Further reading
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KFRC-AM610 May 30, 1980 Dr. Don Rose |
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KFRC-AM610 Oct. 21, 1980 Dr. Don Rose |
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KROQ FM, March 1984 - "The Swedish Egil"
(Egil Aalvik ) |
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American Top 40, Feb 28, 1987 Casey Kasem's American Top 40 in a complete 4 hours 14 minutes recording.
In
1970, Casey Kasem introduced the radio show American Top
40 (AT40). It was a syndicated broadcast distributed
to radio stations in the United States, Canada, Australia, Philippines,
China, India, Great Britain, Malaysia and many other places around
the globe. As the name suggests the program had a countdown playing
the fourty most popular songs in the U.S. according to the Billboard's
Hot 100 Singles Chart. The most important with Casey Kasem as
a deejay was his anecdotes about the artists and songs that were
played. Behind him he had an editorial with, in its peak, a total
of 8 employees. |
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 The United States coast guard cutter "Courier", a 338-foot, 5,500 ton vessel, moored off Rhodes, Greece. A mobile transmitting facility for the U.S. Information Agency to broadcast the "Voice of America" programs behind the "Iron Curtain" in "The Cold War" years. |
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 An image of the salvage ship Herakles, owned by the Neptune Company which Jack initially saw as an appropriate choice to be rebuilt as broadcasting ship for Radio Nord. |
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 The original "Olga" moored in the harbor of Kiel before conversion. |
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 A graphic image showing the design of the Bon Jour as she was planned to be, a two-masted broadcast ship |
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The
texan owners of the Bon Jour had already begun to spread the word: |
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 The Bon Jour, fitted for broadcasting purposes |
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 Engineer Roland Englund behind the transmitter |
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There still ain't nothing - not even a carrier on 495 m! |
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 This was the planned route for the voyage from Copenhagen and up north to the Stockholm archipelago. |
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 When they chose a possible anchorage for Bon Jour, they had to take into account that the Nynäshamn port had a duty station and it was possible for the tender to start in the morning after they opened and to reach out to Bon Jour and return back to Nynäshamn before the customs station closed for the evening. |
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 On this early image there is only one of the typical antenna tuning boxes and we see that it's mounted above the bowsprit. In the final embodiment there were a total of three such tuning boxes. |
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Here is another image where there are three tuning boxes. |
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Hello
all radio enthusiasts |
 Jack S Kotschack and Gordon McLendon |
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KLIF, Dallas, January 4, 1961 The Ken Lock show. |
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KLIF, Dallas, 1962 Russ "Weird Beard" Knight show. |
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KLIF, Dallas, March 3, 1962 The Murphy &
Harrigan Show. Tom Murphy and "Irving Harrigan" (Ron Chapman).
8:00 - 9:00 a.m. |
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KLIF, Dallas 1962 jingles |
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Capital Radio, August 1974 Eugene Fraser. A tribute to Cass Elliott.
Capital Radio in 1974 Roger Scott interviewing The Carpenters
Capital Radio, Feb 6, 1975 Tony Myatt, The Late Show, Capital Countdown thursday 2225-2255
Capital Radio, Feb 20, 1975 Roger Scott's Peoples Choice at 16.45
Capital Radio Oct 7, 1975 Graham Dene Breakfast Show at 7.20
Capital Radio Oct 10, 1975 Graham Dene Breakfast Show at 8.35
Capital Radio/IRN, Aug 16, 1977The 11p.m. news "Elvis Presley is dead"
Capital Radio Nov 15, 1977 Graham Dene Breakfast Show at 8.07.
Capital Radio, Aug. 10, 1988 Richard Skinner.
Capital Gold, May 14, 2003 Tony Blackburn show at 8.30 PM.
Capital Radio jingle mania Loads of Capital Radio (and a few other stations) jingles in a mixture made by Thomas Bergstam and me. For all us extreme jingle fans. |
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| Sweden
Calling DXers was a programme on Radio
Sweden Int:l. During the British offshore radio era, SCDXers used to give detailed reports on the developments on this radio scene.  ’s
an outdraw of these reports through the years 1964-70. |
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| Media
Network
was
a programme on Radio Nederland, broadcast through
the years 1981-2000. It was narrated and presented by Jonathan Marks,
and he often had interesting reports about offshore radio, as for
instance this from August 1985 :
Radio Caroline
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 On-air studio at Radio Victory in 1976 |
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Radio Victory, June 22, 1976 Eugene Fraser and Dave Symonds. |
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The Kenny Everett Show
on Radio Victory, September 26, 1976 |
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Radio London May 2, 1966 Mark Roman. |
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Radio Jackie, Aug 14, 1977 Memories from the British offshore radio era. Phil Hazleton. |
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Britain Radio - Phil Martin's "Morning Serenade",
Saturday, December 17, 1966, at 9 am. |
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Invicta Radio, August 1988 Sarah Whatsername. |
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Radio Caroline South - Keith Hampshire's"Keefers Uprise"
morning show, Saturday, December 24, 1966, at 4 minutes
past 8 am |
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Radio Scotland - Tony Meehan (not The Shadows member), Tuesday, November 22, 1966 |
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Swinging Radio England Johnnie Walker on a Saturday morning at 02.25 in 1966 (date?) |
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Wonderful Radio London Tony Windsor at 08.25 am, Saturday, November 19, 1966 |
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Radio Dolfijn Peter van den Hoven, unknown date. |
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Radio London date?, year? Tony Blackburn in a recording where he's imitating the sound of the station. |
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Downtown Radio 20 yrs Jubilee, March 16, 1996
- the first independent local radio station in N. Ireland (Belfast). |
My interest in radio started when I was five, and it grew even stronger when I, in my early teenage, experienced Radio Nord - a Swedish offshore radio station that lasted for 16 months through the years 1961 and -62. On the picture on top to the right you can see Radio Nord's beautiful broadcasting ship, the MS Bon Jour, which much later, after Radio Nord's shutdown in 1962, eventually became the broadcasting ship MV Mi Amigo of Radio Caroline.
I started this website in 2006 with the ambition to offer something much better than the other radio web sites provide, and also when it comes to telling the story of this broadcasting ship. I have seen many other sites where they are trying to provide that story, but they have told it a little superficial, I think. So here is my version, and I will start way back in the start of the Radio Nord project. While you read, feel free to test my selection of offshore radio recordings in both left and right columns.
The project was financed by Texan venture
capital, and the driving force behind, setting up the station, was the
American radio entrepreneur Gordon McLendon
(1921-1986).
In America, he had created the Liberty Broadcasting System,
which eventually became the second largest radio network in the U.S.A.
It also became famous for setting new standards for sports broadcasting
with daily broadcasts of Major League Baseball over 458 affiliated radio
stations. In 1947, Gordon and his father acquired a license to start operating
radio station KLIF 1190 in Dallas, a station
which was to become the prime example of American Top 40 Radio.
In Sweden in those days there was a rigid broadcasting monopoly and that had been the order for thirty years. In this respect Sweden would continue through further more than 30 years to be the most obstinate of all European countries. How did Gordon get the idea to create commercial radio in Europe, and why, of all countries, did he choose Sweden? There are several possible reasons, but the first and foremost was the Swedish-Finnish businessman Jack S. Kotschack (1915-1988).
Jack had moved to neighboring Sweden in 1944 after five years as a front soldier in the Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940, and then in the "Continuation War" (1941-1944), where he also was awarded several medals for bravery. He had very active sporting interests and in his younger years in Finland, he played for the national team of bandy, and also distinguished himself as a skilled tennis player. His university studies were completed in Helsinki in 1932, and then followed three years at Herne Bay College in England where he also initiated a short but successful career in boxing, and he made it to the college championship which he also won.
Jack's
involvement in sports had often helped him in making business contacts.
During a business trip, Jack visited Gordon in Dallas, and they both had
the intention of discussing a mutual film project. Gordon had a film studio
and Jack had been in the business for several years with the company Svea
Film in Stockholm.
After a while, their discussions began to move from film to radio.
They both shared an equal interest in sports, and the main event at the
time was the upcoming World Heavyweight Championship in New York, where
the Swedish heavyweight champion, Ingemar Johansson, was to meet Floyd
Patterson.
Several months before the game, the Swedish Broadcasting Company made it clear that they would not broadcast the match. One argument was that they felt they were unable to resist a public opinion, which saw boxing as grossly dehumanizing. It was, admittedly, a minority, but the arguments they put forward were perceived as more powerful than the sport itself. Moreover, there was another important factor: this was about pro sports! The latter was then a controversial issue, and several of Sweden's top athletes had therefore been excluded from competitions.
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a Philips 45 RPM disc highlights from the match. |
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The Ingo match was considered by many as the game of the century. Another effect was that the radio monopoly became a more disputed issue than ever before - the refusal to broadcast the match caused a furious public opinion.
One person who saw a chance to jump onto the opportunity was the manager of the Swedish section of Philips Electronics, Herbert Kastengren. He bought airtime on Radio Luxembourg and it was announced that Philips would report live from the boxing match at Yankee Stadium in New York.
The newspapers began to provide expert advices on antenna arrangements
and how to tune the radio to hear the broadcast.
Then came that night, the "Ingo Night", June 27, 1959, and millions
of Swedes stayed up from 11 p.m. when the broadcast began. Prior to the
match the broadcast offered a great artist posse from a studio in Stockholm
interspersed with interviews and telephone reports from Yankee Stadium
in New York. Many still remembers what they did that magical night, and
the success couldn't have been greater when Ingo at 3.37 a.m. knocked
out Floyd and became the first Swedish World Heavyweight Boxing Champion.
Another source of inspiration to Jack and Gordon were the events that had taken place in the narrow space of international waters between the southern tip of Sweden and Denmark. It was Radio Mercur, which had become the world's very first commercial radio station from a ship anchored on international waters. Since August 2, 1958 they had been broadcasting from the small ship Cheeta.
The founder of Radio Mercur was Peer Jansen (1930 - 1968) who had gotten the idea after hearing the Voice of America broadcasts from a ship on the Mediterranean Sea. They were broadcasting western news and culture aimed at listeners in the Eastern Bloc. Peer came to realize that they were using frequencies which had not been authorized by the International Telecommunications Union. This, however, didn't seem to bother no-one at all - except presumably those in charge in the Soviet Union.
Like most teenagers in the late fifties, Peer used to listen to Radio
Luxembourg. Through a misunderstanding, he had been led to believe that
they too, were broadcasting from a ship, anchored in the English Channel.
This he saw as an additional argument for the idea: if Radio Luxembourg
can broadcast this way - then can we! As we all know, Radio Luxembourg
had fully legal transmitters on dry land and on legal frequencies. However,
the intentions were obvious:
Through the use of broadcasting facilities installed in another country,
and by using transmitters with excessive power, their aim was to circumvent
the current British broadcasting legislation. It was a business in a gray
area - not quite pirate radio, still a form of, and was viewed badly by
the authorities in the targeted country.
A cousin of Peer, Børge Agerskov, was doing his university studies in law. He was caught by Peers ideas and took the time to study the Danish legislation on broadcasting. He found that it had completely overlooked the possibility to broadcast from a ship out at sea to a specific country, and thereby circumventing the monopoly on broadcasts from within that country. This order was equal in most countries, and Børges discoveries would later serve as an inspiration to many other offshore pirates. But it was Peer Jansen and Børge Agerskov who first of all saw the whole context.
There's no doubt that Jack and Gordon felt that the recent events surrounding Radio Mercur were inspirational and offered them great encouragement. After a lot of intense talks, Jack said, probably only as a joke or as a reckless idea, Let's make a radio station! Gordon was not lingering on the answer, he only said: OK, Go ahead, Jack.
It seemed quite simple to "go ahead", but it would prove to be an uphill struggle in which many storms blew up, both in terms of weather conditions and in harassments by government officials, or the telecommunications authority and other powerful representatives of the establishment. Such extreme actions as jammers and hijacking the ship on the high seas were actually considered.
A much more unexpected hindrance appeared when the central organization of the advertising agencies advised their members to be cautious and to avoid radio advertising. How much damage could it do to the public's trust in a brand name if it became associated with a radio station that was perceived as "bad", and what if the venture should end in a fiasco? The newspapers and journalists mainly drew up shady, negative scenarios of the new radio station because they were worried that radio advertising would mean harmful competition to the ability of newspapers to attract advertisers.
When Jack, at the beginning of 1960, began the search for an appropriate ship, he initially became interested in a salvage ship, Heracles, owned by the Neptune Company. Jack asked the magistrate inspector to conduct a thorough inspection which resulted in a positive report. Jack felt that the vessel issue thereby had been solved in a reliable way. However, Gordon's confidant, Jim Foster had been involved as “marine experts” and wanted to exercise his greater authority in the matter. He considered Heracles inappropriate - too small! Instead he advocated (the only half as large) Olga, which he had found, moored in Kiel Canal in Germany.
Bob, Gordon, Jim and Jack flew down to Hamburg and then onwards to Kiel, to inspect Jim's findings. Perhaps they had gained too high expectations, in all cases it appears to have been so for Jack. In his book, he described his first sight of Olga like this: "I think she was one of the ugliest boats I have ever seen. Small and worn she lay on the dock, scattering an intense smell of rancid herring, noticeable in a well 20 meters away". It could have been that Jack felt a bitter touch of the didactic he might have experienced from the "marine expert" Jim. However, on the long run, Jim would prove to be quite right - she really was a great ship!
Olga was a 2-masted steel schooner of 250 gross tons, built in 1921. In its original outfit she was 30 meters long and named SS Margarethe. She was one of three sister ships - one came in use as a tug in South America and another was sold to a company in the Far East. SS Margarethe was used for cargo traffic on endless trades over the Baltic and the North Sea. Through the years she underwent several extensions of her hull. The last was conducted in 1951, when she had her final length of 41 meters including the bowsprit of three meters. From the beginning she had been a steamer but her engine was being replaced twice, the last was in 1936, when the Deutz 150bhp diesel engine was installed and became her source of propulsion for the rest of her years. After the change of ownership in 1927, she was renamed Olga after the new owner's wife. In June 1941 she was requisitioned by the German Kriegsmarine in Emden, but apparently she must have been very poorly rated there; in November 1943 she was taken out of the Nazi marine rolls and was returned to her civilian owner.
On May 31, 1960 she was towed to Norderwerft, an alteration and repair shipyard in Hamburg, where she underwent a major renovation. The cargo hold was converted into crew cabins, storerooms, rooms for transmitters and space for the two heavy 60 Hz Allis Chalmers-generators, each of 93 kVA (=75kW) to power the transmitters and studio equipment. Directly below the mast was installed the two Continental Electronics 316b transmitters of either 10kW. Above what had been her hold was built the characteristic superstructure with the galley, mess and the studio techniques. She also got her name Bon Jour carved in the bow, and the hull painted in its new orange color.
On August 10, the shipyard received a message from Hamburg Oberpostdirektion where they recalled an old Hitler Law of 1937 "Gesetz gegen die Schwartzsender" which made it illegal to install, repair or perform any work at a radio station without permission from the government. Inspections were made by a posse of authority representatives - some of them were Swedes. This made it urgent to hastily move the MS Bon Jour to the Copenhagen free port Langeline for the proceeding work. The 38 meter high mast was erected on the foredeck with rigging and guy lines. They had initially ordered two identical masts and the idea had been that the antenna would be a "flat top" design between the two masts. However, Gordon had connections to an antenna expert, John Mullaney, from the American Navy. His unique antenna principle, called the folded unipole, an inverted ground plane antenna, solved the problem with the mast which actually was very far from any ideal length to function as a half wave aerial. The unique feature was that John Mullaney's antenna design took advantage of the forward and aft guy wires from the mast's top to contribute as radiation elements in addition to the mast of steel. To make this possible, it was necessary that the wires from the top were connected through carefully tweaked vacuum capacitors to ground (the hull). These special capacitors, built in metal boxes, are visible on the deck on some photos of the Bon Jour.
The most time-consuming work in Copenhagen was the installation of the transmitters. They had been delivered as a kit of 6000 parts and was put together, component by component, by Glenn Callison, chief engineer from KLIF and his assistant Archie Mesch.
On Tuesday, December 20th, 1960, it seemed as if all preparations on
Bon Jour was completed and at 6 PM they were set to leave Langeline and
begin the voyage up the Baltic Sea. Still remaining on the quay was the
second mast which had proved to be unnecessary. At 8:30, they had to anchor
because of heavy fog. At 5 on the Wednesday morning, the journey continued.
An article in Sweden's largest daily paper, Expressen, on Thursday, December
22, confirmed that Bon Jour had departed from Copenhagen two days earlier:
-The boat left Copenhagen on Tuesday for its 48-hour trip to Stockholm,
says consul Jack Kotschack. That means, if nothing unforeseen happens,
that the boat should be on its anchorage already tonight. And then, it's
just to start the broadcast.
However, it would take much longer than the estimated 48 hours because of the weather at the time. It was stiff breeze, 10 - 12 m/sec and very rough seas. Bon Jour had in this harsh weather, with her round-bottomed design combined with her high mast, a seaworthiness that got her into a terrible swinging from stem to stern. It was noticed that the stay lines on the mast were working loose. They dropped anchor to repair and adjust the rigging. Most of the men on board were unfamiliar with sea conditions and must have been at worst discomfort. In the case of a disaster there had been no ability to make distress calls; there were no radio telephone on board yet. If Bon Jour was wrecked their only chance was the lifeboat, which was equipped only with oars, no engine.
When Bon Jour, after an arduous voyage, on Friday at 11 am, at last arrived
the Stockholm archipelago, the captain choose to drop anchor at a safer
spot than the estimated near island Ornö. Instead it was at Almagrundet,
where a lightship was nearby with constant monitoring. If an emergency
should arise, it was thought that the lightship would call for assistance
through their radio telephone to the nearest pilot station. From the archives,
it has been verified that the guard on Almagrundet noted Bon Jours arrival
south of the lightship:
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 The log book from "Almagrundet" where they noted "Bon Jour, Nicaragua" on the third row. More |
At last the moment had come when the radio technicians on board could
start practical tests with the transmitter at full power. Previously,
their only options consisted of testing through a so-called dummy load,
not the real antenna mast, as that would have been a violation of the
radio laws. But now, with Bon Jour on international waters, the moment
finally arrived!
However, Glenn Callison's promises of the transmitters full functionality
became completely contradicted when a blue flash striked out between the
mast and the rigging, and the transmitter immediately went dead and silent.
Archie, Jan and Ove understood that they now had to deal with difficulties
trying to find out what had gone wrong.
The fishing boat "Dunette" had been booked in advance to search for Bon Jour on Friday - the day before Christmas Eve (in Sweden, the 24th is the important feast day of Christmas, not the 25th as in some other countries). The idea was that the "Dunette" would deliver fresh newspapers, and the newly recorded christmas premier programs - and Jim Foster, who we remember as Gordon's naval expert. When Dunette arrived at her estimated spot at Ornö her captain reported (Dunette had a radio telephone) "The Bon Jour is not in sight here". There was nothing to see except the open desolate sea - and that's the way it use to be outside Ornö. When Jack received his message, it came as a lightning strike in the atmosphere that prevailed; in the absence of the test broadcasts which s h o u l d have been started already, somewhere near 495 meters medium wave.
Before Christmas Jack had pre-ordered delivery of 2000 telegrams to Sweden's
most important business and official persons:
"Do you know that Radio Nord is now on the air? Turn on your
radio now and you'll hear the modern radio station!"
Dunette continued searching for Bon Jour on Christmas Eve. But then the captain of Bon Jour had chosen the better safe than sorry solution to abandon her in his fear that the mast was going to collapse. A salvage tug had picked them up and brought them safely to Sandhamn.. It was true that it really had been in bad weather, and this was later to become even worse, up to 17 m / sec.
The captain Elis Olsson got the sack, and some have later chosen to describe
him as a lousy captain. As further evidence of his poor seamanship, they
have claimed that he was the first to abandon ship. - and even more, it
was near that one in the crew was left forgotten on board.
Or was this whole story untrue - the mistakes that he was accused of would
later prove to have its debt to the poor work done by the shipyard in
Copenhagen, and that he had actually done what was possible to rescue
the situation. The Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter (Daily News) on December
29, said that the captain had expressed concerns in Copenhagen about how
the work had been carried out in the yard and he had requested that the
shipyard would perform an inclining experiment, but the yard said this
was excessive.
The captain would soon prove to be completely right, but then he had already been sacked. There remained a lot of work connected with the stability of the mast's rigging. But there was further reasons to the debacle that had arisen: the transmitter that did not work, the overly optimistic expectations of a rapid premiere for Christmas. But most of the drama was because no radio telephone had been installed. None of these problems had nothing to do with the competence of the captain.
Nevertheless, a new captain was hired, and he would become very popular with everyone on board. His first assignment was to take the Bon Jour to Åbo, Finland, where she at the shipyard Chrichton-Vulcan for repairs, and mainly to get the problems concerned with her mast rigging solved.
On February 4, 1961, the Bon Jour left the ship yard, heading to her position near island Ornö, only to find that a gale began to blow up and the shp had to set off again to try to find a calmer position. While this happened, a crack was heard, folloved by a "rain" falling of small white pieces of what had been the porcelain insulators from the mast guy lines. Once again she had to limp off to make repairs, this time they choose to go to Finnboda ship yard
On photographs where you see Bon Jour straight from one of the sides you can see that the balance of the ship makes her mast tilt slightly backwards. This is caused by the fact that she was originally equipped and planned as a schooner; with two masts. Without the aft mast but with a very heavy and large mast in the bow, she tended to be a quite rocking front to back. On some pictures you can also see that a large part of the rudder remained above the water, meaning that the rudder wasn't so effective. In rough wheather conditions, Bon Jour could be difficult to control because the lines connected to the steering wheel was directly linked to the rudder - she had no power steering.
Below the bridge, which was quite far aft, were the berths for the captain, mate and chief engineer. Farther aft, lowest down, was the engine-room and the newly installed diesel generators to power the transmitters and studio equipment. These generators were electrically separated from the vessel's conventional generator for lighting, etc.
Up in the superstructure, or deck house, in its most aft end, was the galley next door to the pantry. In the next room - a small room, was a ladder down to the cabins for the rest of the crew on board. Continuing forward in the deckhouse was the washing and toilet facilities and a shower. Further forward there was a combined dining and recreational space on board. There were floor-fixed tables, comfortable armchairs and also a TV with good reception of Sweden's, then, only TV channel. At the forward rooms was the studio and a control room.
In the control room, the most dominant sight were the four large tape recorders of the American brand Exacton. Originally they had been planned to offer an ability to make programmed automatic broadcasts at night where each of the tape machines would hold prerecorded music, each song combined with an announcement and separated with green "leader" tape. A separate smaller tape recorder was for the commercials and for other prerecorded material. An automatic random switching between these four tape reels would completely avoid any repetitions of the same song combinations. The automatic switching between the tape machines was triggered by the silence occuring when a song was finished and the following leader tape was passing through, then immediately it would start the next tape machine. The tape reels would be shifted before each night. It was, for its time, a "modern" idea, but eventually the whole idea was abandoned since it had failed too often. In its most succesful events it had anyhow led to too lengthy silences between the programme ingredients. The prerecorded tapes were used at times, but then only manually. Later they changed this entire tape-rack-stand with two Ampex recorders of the same reliable model, 350b, that were used at the studios in Stockholm.
The company had employed educated professional journalists as early as October 1960. By a coincidence it happened that the day when they launched newscasts they also had something very particular to report: Russian Jurij Gagarin became the first man in space that day, April 12, 1961. The editors main working tools were the two communication receivers, one National NC-400 and one Hallicrafter SX-100 and also through a Creed RTTY teleprinter machine to receive telegrams from newsagencys such as Reuters AFP, AP, UP and UPA. The news readers listened primarily to the BBC World Service and Voice of America. They also had frequent radio telephone calls to the Stockholm headquarters to receive home news. Radio Nord was the first media in Sweden to report about the "Bay of Pigs" invasion, where a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles made an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. Another dramatic event when Radio Nord was first with the news was on September 17, 1961, when the United Nations' secretary-general Dag Hammarskiöld - a Swede - died after a plane crash between Leopoldville and Northern Rhodesia. It was a tragedy that paralyzed Sweden and the world, and it has never been clarified whether it was a political sabotage or an accident. The news was first received by the chief engineer Ove Sjöström via short wave. The news reader Lars Branje, who previously had many years of experience as a pilot of the Swedish Air Force, made a knowledgeable narrative of the dramatic event. The vast knowledge that was offered in this particular news coverage must have been difficult to other Swedish news media to beat.
Many have tried to portray Jack as politically naive. They use to say that Radio Nord had never been launched if a more sensible analysis of the political prospects of the project had been made. I see it differently. Jack had the ambition that Radio Nord would become a hit among the radio listeners - and with this he managed with a great margin. His idea was that such a large audience would also create a strong public pressure that politicians would not dare to oppose. I think that an analysis in the planning stage had never been able to predict the exorbitant priority that the government would give to an intellectually so harmless radio station as Radio Nord was. In his book "Radio Nord will return" (1963 in Swedish), Jack writes in his foreword: When they wrote about me personally in the press, they often used the word naive. I admit that I didn’t quite understand what they meant - as a comparatively successful businessman, I considered myself to be a realist. And a realist, I am still to this day, but at one point, I give the papers right in saying that I was incredibly naive - when it comes to politics in general and politicians in particular: I had the naive belief that MPs were elected to effectuate the people's wishes - not oppose them.
Jack continued the preparations, and to the press he stated a date when the new radio station would be launched. Unfortunately it was passed, and there were several such dates passed.
Anyhow, to make a very long story a little less long, it was at the beginning
of March, 1961, when test transmissions were heard on medium wave 495
meters:
test transmission Friday March 3, 1961 Live from MS Bon Jour
The anonymous radio voice was counting "one - two - three - five,
five". Why did the voice drop out "four - and why did it repeat
"five"? Strange...
test transmission Tuesday March 7, 1961 Live from MS Bon Jour
They also announced instructions addressed to what was called the
contest participants. Everyone listening to 495 wanted to candidate
for that contest, but how? Of course, the intention was to make
the impression that something exciting was going on, and to catch as many
listeners as possible.
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| Test Transmission under the leadership of Archie Mesch, measuring and listening. Also chief engineer Thure Andersson and at the stern a German crewman, Knies. |
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Studio engineers
at the premises in Stockholm, Bengt Törnkrantz and Lars Klettner |
A minor frequency adjustment was necessary to avoid an interference, audible as a constant tone of 4 kHz caused by the intermediate frequency of the strong transmitter at 602 kHz in Lyon, France. A couple of days after this was discovered, Radio Nord made a small shift of the frequency, by a change of crystal, so that it became the same as Lyon, and the disturbing tone disappeared. This frequency change also meant that the wavelength was different from what they had planned. Instead of 495 meters it became 498.2, but in the programs they continued to announce "495".
A few days later it finally happened - the big premiere, starting at
at 10 am on March 8th:
Premier, Wednesday March 8, 1961 The 12 first minutes
of this recording also reflects that they played non-stop music prior
to the hour. Then they played the first Radio Nord jingle. It was on the
tune "Bye bye Blackbird" in which we also hear a voice-over
by Radio Nord's own jingle wizard Henry Fox. Announced by Gert Landin
followed an introduction speech by Jack Kotschack. With his Finnish-Swedish
dialect he started:
-Dear listeners, Radio Nord is a reality. After more than two years
of preparations, after many overcome obstacles, I have the pleasure to
introduce this new, contemporary radio station.
Radio Nord is a radio in tune with the times; it should be there when
you want to hear it. We at Radio Nord never sleeps, we bring our programs
to you, 24 hours a day. Radio Nord has been designed to offer pleasant
entertainment, current news, exciting competitions and interesting information;
we have done our best to create a program to suit YOU - our listeners.
But we know that neither Rome nor Radio Nord was built in a day. We greatly
appreciate your interest and opinion. We make our programs to you. Therefore,
let us know what you think about them. Cooperation with our audience gives
us guidance for the future. Please write to us, to Radio Nord (address).
[...]
Jack's speech was followed by a song for the day, The Radio Nord waltz,
composed and performed by Sweden's then, and still today, most beloved
poet and troubadour, Evert Taube (search Google).
It was an honor to the company Radio Nord that he appeared with his dedicated
composition, almost like a hymn or a poem, to the new radio station.
The station's first commercial was for the then completely unknown brand
for dishwashers, Westinghouse, which eventually became Sweden's most famous,
but nowadays it's completely forgotten. The program was filled with music
in many diverse genres, Swedish pop, Frank Sinatra, Swedish accordion
music, Ray Conniff, Elvis Presley, Swedish light music, and so on.
The response after the premiere showed that many had been surprised by the station's programming style. The audience and the newspapers had expected that Radio Nord would sound quite similar to what they had heard from Radio Luxembourg. Most music stations in those days used to have hours and half hours allocated to different musical preferences, rock music, old time, South American, etc. At this point Jack made something completely different in European radio. True, he had carefully studied Gordon's famous Policy Books on how to achieve success, but Jack had his very own views on how to format his station. His thesis was that no new entrant listener would get the time to be bored and shut off their radios because the entertainment he or she prefers was not heard soon enough in the program. Any listener would be able to go in and out of the program at any time - no programming times to keep track of and there should never be a programming content that referred to something that had occurred previously in the program.
Jack's
idea was that each group of listeners really is a minority. The group
that prefers to hear rock music is small compared with those who want
to hear anything else. The same can be said about all other groups of
listeners. It is always harder to make a listener to turn the radio on
than to turn it off. If a listener has shut down the radio because of
dissatisfaction with what was offered just then, it is much harder to
re-gain that listener. It was important that no listeners would get to
be unhappy with Radio Nord. The music should always, within a reasonable
time, appeal to each listener.
Radio Nord had offices and studios in central Stockholm and became very popular with their mix of popular music, deejays and news 24 hours a day. In the earlier stages, the announcers often appeared as pre-recorded, rather stiff voice features. Soon enough they developed a more easygoing style on how the program was announced. I think Larsan Sorenson helped to ease up the sound of the station and how the announcers appeared. He had worked many years as a cabaret artist and as an early stand-up comedian, and he was a great inspiration source to the other announcers on the station.
At the autumn of 1961, after 8 months on the air, they introduced a growing number of live broadcasts from the MS Bon Jour. Radio Nord was the first offshore pirate to discover that it was possible to broadcast live out at sea from the ship - to actually use turntables. Before they examined it, everybody assumed that turntables could not be used in such a rocking environment, that the tone arm would helplessly lose track over and over again. What they discovered was that the rocking, even in fairly rough weather, was not that hard and jerky, and the tone arm remained on track mostly without any problems at all.
Radio
Nord's most popular program was the Top 20 where they played the 20 most
popular discs each week. In the first months it was hosted by Gert Landin,
later by Larsan Sorenson. The listeners voted through letters sent to
Radio Nord where they could choose up to three songs, later a maximum
of five. No record store wanted to be without the important top 20 posters
which also offered good publicity to the discs that were hot each week.
Between about each other song, the host took some time to talk about the
current week's sponsor of that program. Sometimes they also had a popular
artist in the studio who was interviewed in the show.
From November 12 1961 they introduced De Tio, a Top 10 of popular songs in Swedish. The program had been suggested by two record dealers who had noticed the importance of the Top 20 list and asked if it could be supplemented by a list of Swedish recordings. The program came as a welcome change to the program menu on Sunday mornings where they, before, had been a little too afraid of being perceived as vulgar if they played popular music in the middle of the Sunday worship time. In order to not offend any opinion they had chosen to play a light and melodic selection of classical music, which really wasn't the right niche for Radio Nord. After they broke this caution and introduced this rather innocent chart program, it became a great success. A success that still remains after all those years, because Radio Sweden immediately competed with a full-alike program that still remain in their programming today.
Despite politics and religious issues being banned at the station, it
was forced to close down when the Swedish government introduced the "Lex
Radio Nord" of 1962, criminalizing the act of buying advertising
time on the station. It has a striking resemblance to the Nazi german
law of 1937 previously mentioned here, which made it illegal to give technical
or financial support in the creation or operation of a radio station,
or to transfer cargo to the ship. The adventure ended when Radio North
closed at midnight June 30, 1962. The Swedish offshore radio legislation
became a model for the British Marine Broadcasting Offences act of 1967
and to other European countries where their governments wanted to retain
monopoly radio.
The Swedish radio monopoly remained unchanged during the many years until
1993 when the Swedish parliament finally approved the establishment of
independent local radio stations. This occurred only after the former
Soviet republics - and even Albania - had already done so. After all those
years, Radio Nord still plays an important part in the Swedish radio history.
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| Radio Nord's Bon Jour passes past the stern of Radio Syd's ship Cheeta 2, where someone was attentive with the camera. The two ships never came closer than this and there was no reason to exchange collegial greetings between the two pirates either - there were no radio staff on board. Just passing... |
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| An image from October 1962. Mi Amigo has anchored near Veronica's Borkum Riff off the Dutch coast. |
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Caroline
and her father John F. in 1962 |
 Smile please! Ronan O'Rahilly / Allan Crawford |
 |
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The Swedish "Lex Radio Nord" came into effect on August 1,
1962, but the company still chose to shut down a month earlier, at midnight,
June 30 / July 1. In an interview I did in 1981 with Jack Kotschack he
told me about this episode of Radio Nord's last days:
"In the last days of Radio Nord I was visited by a ship owner's
son who was named Ronan O'Rahilly, together with a Swede. Their business
was that they wanted to buy the boat, eh,, their appearance and behavioral
impression on me was that it was empty talk, so,,, I,,, didn't bother
to take their offer seriously."
Perhaps Ronan (then 22 years) failed to give an appropriate impact. However,
Jack had already received a proposal from a different company, and that
was the actual reason why they closed down a month "too soon".
At the time it seemed as if they were in the final stages of the negotiations
with an Australian businessman, Alan Crawford and his consortium Project
Atlanta Ltd. with Alan's associates Kitty Black and Oliver Smedley. Alan
was a former president of the dominant American music publisher Southern
Music. He had formed his own company, Merit Music, and with the Atlanta
project, he would start a radio station on international waters outside
the Thames estuary. The station was expected to reach an audience of millions
of radio listeners in the London area. Alan's intention was to use his
radio station to promote his record label operations, and Radio Nord's
vacant broadcasting ship offered him the total solution for a rapid implementation
of his idea.
On July 4, 1962, four days after Radio Nord's closing, she left her former anchorage, with new-recruit Polish staff on board to take her out of the Baltic Sea. On Radio Nord her name had always been mentioned as Bon Jour, but since about seven months, her name had been re-registered "Magda Maria". All the studio equipment was loaded on board, including all the equipment used at the studios in Stockholm. She was also loaded with the entire grammophone archive, both the minor which had been on board and the much larger from the premises in Stockholm. All of the commercial value of the company were now gathered in the ship and its cargo. The owners felt concern that any further intervention from any authority would occur during the trip, not least on her passage through the narrow strait between Denmark and Sweden. But this time the ship had an easy trip all the way to the North Sea.
The owners were still Bob Thompson and Clint Murchison. Behind them was Gordon McLendon, who preferred a less official position, but he was in fact the foremost in the negotiations, and it was he who had invented the name of the new project; Radio Atlanta, as a tribute to the city in Texas where he grew up. A few years later he would also be involved in another business partnership with a certain Don Pierson (1925-1996). With him, he drew up the guidelines for a mirror image of the one of his radio stations that he was most proud of, the KLIF. In the Thames estuary it was agreed to be called KLIF-London. However, at the premiere on December 16, 1964 - and thereafter - it became known as Wonderful Radio London. But that's a different story.
During the negotiations between the owners and Alan Crawford, Magda Maria on August 2, 1962 arrived at the port of El Ferrol in northwestern Spain, where she would undergo some restoration work. On September 14, 1962, it seemed that the negotiations had ended successfully and that the transaction was made, and old Bon Jour, now renamed "MV Mi Amigo", sailed from El Ferrol bound for Dover in England.
However, the negotiations were not completed at all, and yet in January 1963, the future of the Atlanta Company remained uncertain. Mi Amigo's hull was repainted in a green color, and as a modern Flying Dutchman she sailed on the North Sea. She had a crew of a total of 8, the captain and the crew were Poles, but they knew nothing about what would happen next. As a gloomy memory of the days of Radio Nord, she was filled with her precious cargo, wrapped in plastic. She was usually anchored at sea off the Dutch coast, near her fellow pirate ship, Borkum Riff, used by Radio Veronica - which also was doomed to uncertainty until the Dutch authorities would take decision on her fate. An incident that had darkened the prospects for Radio Veronica, and even more for the Atlanta Project, was the heavy-handed police intervention, which had been made against Radio Mercur :
Radio Mercur had illegally resumed transmissions two weeks after the Danish 'Pirate Radio Law" had come into force on August 1, 1962. After three days of broadcasts, the ship was boarded by the Danish police, which then towed the vessel to the port of Tuborg, where she was seized and the transmitting equipment was smashed to pieces to ensure that it would never be used again. The measure was so disturbing to Crawford's financiers that they eventually withdrew their interest in the deal. In his desperation, Crawford tried to propose the owners that he would lease the vessel, but they turned his offer down. The future of offshore broadcasting seemed very darkened, not only to Alan Crawford and his investors who had abandoned him, but also to the Americans.
|
The Galveston News, September 5, 1963 Only 'Mystery Ship" Mystery Is When Mi Aniigo Will Sell |
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The Galveston News, December 21, 1963 Mi Amigo Work Under Way, Trial Cruise Set Sunday |
Gordon McLendon was a man of great energy, and amidst
all the work with radio stations both in the U.S. and Europe, he also
used his power also on a political career, which can be seen below
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|
The Winnsboro News, April 4, 1964 Vote for Gordon McLendon, United States Senator |
On January 26, 1963, the latter company took the Mi Amigo to cross the
Atlantic, to Galveston, Texas, where she arrived on March 9, 1963. Their
immediate plan was to release her from her unfruitful broadcasting adventures
and convert her into a luxury yacht. The continuation of this story tells
us that the mast was demolished and all the radio equipment was mounted
out of her. The ship also brought some attention in the port of Galveston.
One Galveston newspaper noted the owners' great difficulties in finding
someone who was willing to buy her and the magazine called her "Mystery
Ship", as you can see here on the left.
Nevertheless, some nine months later, Crawford finally managed to raise
sufficient capital, and the deal was finally completed on December 18,
1963. The ship was officially owned by Rosebud Shipping of Panama (Radio
Atlanta). Ten days after the deal was done, the Mi Amigo departed Galveston,
and after a lot of drama, she on January 30th, 1964 arrived at the shipyard
of El Ferrol, Spain, again, where work would be carried out to improve
her stability to carry a higher mast construction than before. On March
3, she was bound for the shipyard of Greenore, Ireland, were she would
be fitted with the new mast with the height of 43 meters - five meters
higher than the one used for Radio Nord. The shipyard was, by the way,
owned by Ronan O'Rahilly's father.
MV Mi Amigo at the wharf in Greenore
Ronan (1940) was trying to promote the R&B and mainstream-jazz singer
Georgie Fame. Ronan discovered that the record industry was dominated
by "the big four" - the EMI, Decca, Pye and Philips labels.
They also had dominance on the BBC, which completely ignored all the smaller
labels, as Ronan's. He tried on Radio Luxembourg, but found that their
programs were usually sponsored by the same four labels, who thus "owned"
the program. Ronan felt that the only way to get his artists played on
the radio was to start his own radio station. In Ronan's reflections on
his station, he soon started to call it Radio Caroline. He had been caught
by a photograph in a newspaper where the U.S. president John F. Kennedy
's daughter Caroline had a magical look that made her seem just so young,
free and fresh like Ronan imagined in his thoughts for the station he
wanted to create. A dreamer, he was perhaps, but still a lot smarter than
Alan. Ronan had been aware from the outset how to organize an initiative
of this kind. Alan had not understood anything of what had happened in
the past. In interviews, he said that he needed 12 lawyers before anyone
found out how one would do (ie, the usual procedure to circumvent the
law - the same as already had been used by other pirates: flag from a
country that was not a member of the International Telecommunication Union,
a holding company in Luxembourg or Liechtenstein, and so on).
Ronan had offered Alan to use his fathers ship yard at Greenore in Ireland
in exchange for Ronan's company to use Crawford's recording studio for
Radio Caroline. Thus, there were two different companies and two vessels
anchored close to each other at Greenore, both in fierce competition to
become the first to reach the important broadcast premiere. Ronan's ship
was a former Danish passenger ferry, "Fredericia", which now
was renamed the "MV Caroline". Both Crawford and O'Rahilly have
later admitted that they were doing numerous acts of mutual sabotage to
delay the other company's launch. Radio Atlanta's Mi Amigo became the
first to leave Greenore and the journey bount for the Thames estuary.
However, of unknown reasons, it took almost a full month before they reached
past Lands End . On April 21, the mast broke when the M.V. Mi Amigo was
caught in a gale and needed further repairs to be carried out by riggers
from Portsmouth and because of this delay, Radio Caroline went on air
first, starting midday on Easter Sunday, March 28, 1964. The ship MV Caroline
was anchored at a position five miles off Harwich, broadcasting on 1520
kHz. After the "Caroline bell" the voice of Simon Dee introduced
the station by saying "Hello everybody, this is Radio Caroline broadcasting
on 199, your all day music station". In the beginning, Radio Caroline
limited their broadcasting hours to twelve hours a day, ending at 6 p.m.
Radio Atlanta needed another fortnight for preparations before test
transmissions could be commenced on May 12, 1964 from a position outside
Felixstowe, Suffolk, England. Radio Atlanta started their first
tests immediately following Radio Caroline's closing at 6 p.m. and on
the same frequency as Caroline on 1520 kHz (197 metres). Radio Atlanta's
intention was to take over Radio Caroline's audience and then make them
all tune to Radio Atlanta when they switched to a new, more permanent
frequency at 1495 kHz. Radio Atlanta carefully instructed the listeners
about the new frequency before switching over. The programmes of Radio
Atlanta were all recorded previously in London, with a few unintentional
exceptions when bad wheather made it necessary for DJs on board to present
live shows.
MV Mi Amigo in 1964, ready for broadcasting as Radio Atlanta with her
impressive 41 meter high mast
However, the Radio Atlanta venture lasted for less than 2 months and was finally closed on July 2, 1964. They never managed to reach near the audience figures and advertising revenue that the company had expected, and it all ended in a merger with Radio Caroline. The MV Mi Amigo remained off the coast of Essex as the new broadcast ship for Radio Caroline South and the MV Caroline was moved to an anchorage off the coast of Ramsey, Isle of Man, and was there broadcasting in the name of Radio Caroline North.
Above an image from when the MV Mi Amigo had ran aground at Frinton-on-Sea
on the Essex coast during a storm, 20th January 1966.
Two years had passed since Radio Nord closed but the adventures would continue. Through the years, from March 1961 to the same month in 1980, the 19th, she continued as a radio ship and survived all the other pirate ships, and over the years she became the oldest of them, before it all ended in a north-easterly storm, which first got her anchor chain broke and got her then drifting away for ten miles before she ran aground at Long Sands Bank off the Kent Coast, where she sunk. Her hull was damaged at the generator room and water was pooring in, but her mast remained standing upright as a proud and defiant memory. It wasn't until the ending of July, 1986, when it was reported that the mast had collapsed. A can buoy was placed at the location to mark where the wreck is.
 |
Ove talking in this 
control room on board the MV Caroline on a recording made in July
1964 (Swedish)
is a text translation in English of the recording above |
 Oves assistant, the former Radio Nord audio engineer Jan Gunnarsson |
 Ove Sjöström - my photo 2007 |
|
|
a text translation in English of the recording below
the round-table after-chat where Seve Ungermark
(a newscaster from Radio Nord) and us "anoraks", Ronny
Forslund, Göran Lindemark
and myself Ingemar Lindqvist ask Ove to
share with us some more information. |
Ove Sjöström (1938) was employed
at Radio Nord as a technician, starting December 16, 1960, and was promoted
a month later as Technical Manager with the responsibility for transmitters
and other technology on board Radio Nord’s MS Bon Jour. He also
showed a versatility when he through almost a week replaced the regular
news staff during their illness when they were out of ability to work.
His actual name is Einar Zeth Olov Sjöström, and among ham radio
operators he is best known as SMØXBI Seth Sjoestroem.
X
At a radio amateurs seminar and an exhibition called “Radio in Handen”,
on April 14, 2007, he gave a lecture about his experiences as technical
manager at Radio Nord. Ove also talked about his adventures when he was
hired by Ronan O’Rahilly on recommendations
from the American owners of the 'Mi Amigo' to carry out the installations
of studio and transmitter equipment on board the 'MV Caroline'. When Ove
arrived in Greenore, he realized the amount of work that would be necessary,
and he asked one of his colleagues from Radio Nord, technician Jan
Gunnarsson, to be his assistant. It was urgent to Ronan's
team to launch their station before their rival Radio Atlanta. Ove suggested
that they should choose the same selection of equipment that had proved
good reliability at the Bon Jour, ie Ampex 350b tape recorders, Gates
turntables and the Gates "Studioette" mixer, Continental Electronics
10kW transmitter, etc. Before his departure from Sweden, Ove arranged
with Ronan that the equipment should be immediately ordered from the U.S.,
and when Ove arrived at Greenore, the equipment was already on its way.
XI
made a recording of the entire lecture in Handen and I kept the recording
continuosly running so that it also covers the round table chat afterwards
(in the column to the right) which perhaps is the most interesting of
the two parts.
Flashback
-67 really was an event that made us pirate radio enthusiasts want
to meet again, and on July 1978, the next year, in Nordwijk, Holland
a new conference opened, Zeesenders 20, to commemorate the 20 years
that had passed since the very first offshore pirate started in
1958, Radio Mercur. By
a coincidence (?) during this conference, the carrier from Radio
Caroline dropped and remained off the air for 36 hours. In between
the lectures, this incident was vividly discussed with rumours and
fears of what was going on. There were also many deejays and others
among us with experiences of life on board the MV Mi Amigo. |
I
took this photo (left) at the pirate radio conference "Flashback
67", at Heathrow Airport Centre Hotel, London, in August 1977.
It was then ten years since the introduction of the Marine Broadcasting
Offences Act of 1967 The picture shows how these three formed a
discussion panel at the podium, and from the left is Mark Stuart,
Alan West and Graham Gill.Copyright
rules for the contents of this website: You are most welcome to
use and copy content for personal, non-commercial use. On the other hand, it is strictly prohibited to use any of the material to sell in whole or partly in any way. ingemar@radioarkivet.se |
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